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Who we are

Something to say, maybe, maybe not.

Podcasts

Reformation-rooted conversations on theology, culture, and the Christian life — delivered weekly.

The Latest

Across articles, podcasts, video, shorts, and Modern Reformation.

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Theo Global

Never before has the church been so globally connected—and never before has the need for deep, faithful theology been so urgent.

Theo Global hosts annual theological symposiums that gather diverse voices from around the world to seek wisdom from Scripture together. Out of these yearly gatherings flow publications and media resources designed to strengthen pastors, equip leaders, and promote the health and unity of the global church.

Recovering the riches of the Reformation for modern church.

Sola. Alone. It is a word that cuts away everything that does not belong. Every mediator, every merit, every confidence in our own ability to finish what God has already completed. It is the word the church needs in every generation, because in every generation something creeps in alongside Christ.

In Christ alone, the weary find rest.

For over thirty-five years, Sola has walked alongside Christians in their faith, pointing away from novelty and ourselves, and toward Christ and his gospel as proclaimed in the Scriptures, articulated in the ancient Christian Creeds, and summarized in the confessions of the Protestant Reformation.

Creeds • Confessions • Catechisms

Our convictions

Recovering the riches of the Reformation for modern church.

From the baptismal creeds of the early church in the great Reformation confessions, these documents are the way the church has said, together, what it believes the Scriptures teach. Read them here in full, with Scripture proofs and chapter-by-chapter navigation.

Modern Reformation

All Issues Archive

Explore the rich archive of print issues from Modern Reformation magazine, where timeless questions about faith and community are examined. Delve into insightful articles that discuss how God embraces sinners as cherished children, fosters unity among believers, and offers a promise of an eternal inheritance that surpasses our greatest hopes.

Distinctive of Reformational Theology

Common Grace/General & Special Revelation

God speaks to all through creation and conscience, and savingly to his people through Christ in Scripture. Getting this right changes everything — how we read Scripture, how we engage neighbors and culture, and how we understand what unbelievers can and can't know about God.

Our Convictions

The distinctives that shape how we read, teach, and live the historic Christian faith.


What are they

The reformational doctrines that distinguish our tradition — law and gospel, two kingdoms, the means of grace, and more.

Why they matter

Get these right and the whole of Christian life finds its proper order, Get these wrong and everything else drifts.

How to use them

Start with the one that puzzles you most. Each conviction, links to resources from across the Sola network.

Stand with Us

Sola Media Is 100% Donor Funded

Every article, podcast, video and global initiative exists because of people like you. Your generosity makes it possible to deliver rich, historically grounded theology.

Spotlight

Theology in the Age of AI

Explore All
There Is No Breath in Them — Modern Reformation essay

There Is No Breath in Them

AI poses a modern form of idolatry, argues Joshua Torrey, shaped perfectly to our desires. Drawing on Jeremiah, it has no breath in it.

Debunking AI's Myths About Constantine and Christmas

Did Constantine invent Christianity and Christmas to unite his empire? Michael Horton reviews and debunks AI generated claims about their origins.

5 Essential Truths for Christians Engaging with AI

As AI generates sermons and counsels the grieving, Christians need a framework for engagement. This episode outlines five truths drawn from scripture.

Why Is Silicon Valley Fascinated with Heretical Christianity?

Why is Peter Thiel drawn to eschatology, gnosticism, and Calvinism? Michael Horton responds to his conversation with Ross Douthat on the antichrist.

Escaping Death: AI, Transhumanism, and Gnosticism

From AI recreations of loved ones to redefining death itself, culture's answers fall short. Horton, Holcomb, Strickland, and Hiller talk biblical hope.

The Case for Religion Amidst AI, UFOs, and Psychedelics

Ross Douthat joins Michael Horton to discuss his book Believe. Amid AI, UFOs, and psychedelics, is there still a case for organized religion?

What Christians Get Wrong About the Mark of the Beast

Is the mark of the beast physical or symbolic? Pastor Adriel Sanchez answers this question and clears up common myths about interpreting Revelation.

We Reviewed ChatGPT's Answers to Your Theology Questions

Horton, Holcomb, Strickland, and Hiller evaluate ChatGPT's theological answers, and how to engage people outsourcing life's biggest questions to AI.

Journals

Explore All

Journal Vol 1

In Prophet, Priest, and King, global scholars trace Christology from Scripture into contemporary debate.

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Journal Vol 2

This issue gathers symposium papers on justification and the doctrine of God from six countries.

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Journal Vol 3

In Heaven Came Down, theologian Michael Horton encourages us to see the wonder of Advent: the Almighty.

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Journal Vol 4

Essays on atonement language across cultures, drawn from Theo Global’s regional working groups.

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Journal Vol 5

A field report on historical theology's renewed place in East African seminary curricula.

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Journal Vol 6

Translation, Scripture, and systematic categories: how majority-world languages reshape theology.

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Journal Vol 7

Papers from the India symposium on discernment and the New Apostolic Reformation across majority-world churches.

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Journal Vol 8

A retrieval issue: why pre-modern sources are reshaping seminary curricula from East Africa to Europe.

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Journal Vol 9

Six scholars on what global theology owes the local church — and where it still falls short.

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Distinctives

Explore All

Core doctrines that shape Reformation theology.

The Standards

Creeds & Confessions

The documents the church has used to say what it believes.

The Apostles' Creed

“”

The Nicene Creed

“”

The Athanasian Creed

“”

The Belgic Confession

“”

The Heidelberg Catechism

“”

The Thirty-Nine Articles

“”

Content row — queried from WordPress

Browse everything
Sunlight shining through a stand of mature trees in a grassy meadow.

From Observation to Praise: Meditating on Creation

Observing creation should inspire believers to rejoice and delight in God himself, the author of the beauty on display in the visible world. When we understand that nature reveals God’s power, providence and goodness, we praise him as a benevolent Creator.

A man wearing a Jesus t-shirt quoting John 10:10.

Make Christianity Weird Again

Episode 1583 | What does it mean for Christians to be in the world but not of the world? Pastor Adriel Sanchez, Aaron Simon, and Arianna Quiroz discuss what it looks like to embrace the aspects of Christianity that make followers of Jesus genuinely countercultural and “weird,” while remaining meaningfully engaged in the world around them.

A woman praying with a Bible on the table in front of her.

3 Prayers from the Bible for When Praying Is Hard

What do you say to the Maker of the Universe when you’re exhausted beyond words, burdened to your bones by your own sins, heavy-laden with sickness or sorrow, or simply feeling far away? How do you draw near to God in prayer when praying is hard?

A gathering of people listen to Peter's sermon at Pentecost.

What the Jews Heard at Pentecost and Why It Matters for Infant Baptism

When Peter stood up at Pentecost, his audience was entirely Jewish. What did they hear when he declared that “the promise is for you and for your children and for all who are far off, everyone whom the Lord our God calls to himself” (Acts 2:39)? What they heard would have immediately governed their covenant practice […]

Communion trays held by a row of men at church.

Does It Matter How My Church Does Communion?

When I first became a Christian and visited various churches, one of the most noticeable differences was how they celebrated Communion. Many churches celebrated on a monthly basis, while others observed it every week. Some celebrated sporadically throughout the year for special occasions or when it fit the sermon on that particular Sunday.

Why Are Evangelicals Becoming Eastern Orthodox?

Why Are Evangelicals Becoming Eastern Orthodox?

Board

Ken Brown

Board Development Committee Chair

Ken Brown is the founder and owner of Applied Motion Systems in Washington state, providing factory automation solutions to a broad range of manufacturing companies around the world.

David Cutbill

President & CEO

David Cutbill is a Principal with Deloitte, a global professional services firm, where he works with companies in the media, entertainment, and technology sectors. His experience includes business strategy and transactions, finance and operational consulting, and content production and marketing.

Brian Esterly

Vice Chair, Audit Committee Chair

Brian Esterly serves as the Chief Executive Officer for TimeDoc Health. He has spent the past 25 years working in healthcare to improve the lives of patients and their families. Previously, he served in the U.S. Marine Corps and was forward deployed to the Middle East for Operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm.

Robert Geno

Finance Committee Chair

Bob Geno serves as CEO of Diasome Pharmaceuticals, a company focused on developing therapies to treat diabetes and obesity. Bob has spent his career working in biopharmaceutical research and development and has served on the boards of the Diabetes Hands Foundation and the Cleveland Institute of Music.

Greg Glenn

Dr. Greg Glenn serves as President of Research and Development at Novavax and is responsible for leading Novavax' recombinant nanoparticle RSV F vaccine program. Greg joined Novavax following the acquisition of the publicly traded biotechnology company IOMAI by Intercell. As a founder of IOMAI, Greg conducted pioneering work in vaccine antigen research.

Robert Guzak

Chairman of the Board

Rob Guzak retired after spending more than 40 years in private industry and information technology consulting. Rob is a ruling elder in the Presbyterian Church in America and currently serves on the College Ministries Committee of the North Texas Presbytery.

Toby Kurth

Dr. Toby Kurth serves as Lead Pastor at Christ Church San Francisco. After graduating university and working several years in engineering and project management in the environmental sector, God called Toby to full-time ministry.

Kevin McCown

Donor Development Committee Chair

Kevin McCown serves as Chief Product and Technology Officer for Zephyr, an early-stage startup in the consumer services industry. Over the last 30 years, Kevin has created dozens of new products, businesses, and patents at Motorola, Google, Lenovo, MxD USA, and SMS Assist.

Larry Perry

Founder

Larry Perry retired from PepsiCo after 39 years in environmental engineering and program management for both the Frito-Lay division and PepsiCo Global Operations. His career culminated in a role at PepsiCo, where he implemented a global management system to ensure environmental protection at PepsiCo manufacturing.

Steven Presley

Dr. Steven Presley specializes in internal medicine and serves as Director of Student Medical Education at VCOM-Auburn. He has completed multiple overseas medical mission trips, as well as serving as a physician at Camp Seale Harris for diabetic children. Steven chose to pursue a career in internal medicine because he enjoys the relationship with patients.

Donald J. Strand

Programs Committee Chair

Don Strand serves as teaching pastor at Christian Family Fellowship in Santa Rosa, CA. After serving in the U.S. Air Force, Don earned a degree in Electrical Engineering and began working with physicists and engineers in Boston, adapting the principles of high-energy physics for computer chip manufacturing.

Tim Wiersma

Tim Wiersma serves as director of marketing and business development for NBE Holdings Company, a manufacturer of bulk solids and liquids processing and packaging systems. Throughout his more than forty-year career in business-to-business marketing communications, Tim has held senior management positions.

People grid — queried from WordPress

Dr. Callan Roller

Dr. Callan Roller

Dr. Callan Roller is senior pastor of First Baptist Church, a congregation in the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA). He is also the author of the Deer Creek Catechism. He and his wife Hannah live in Littleton, CO with their four children.

Michael S. Horton

Michael S. Horton

Founder

Michael S. Horton serves as the founder and Editor in Chief of Sola Media and serves as the J. Gresham Machen Professor of Apologetics and Systematic Theology at Westminster Seminary California.

Adriel Sanchez

Adriel Sanchez

Adriel Sanchez is pastor of North Park Presbyterian Church, a congregation in the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA). In addition to his pastoral responsibilities, he also serves the broader church as a host on the Core Christianity radio program, a live, daily call-in talk show where he answers listeners' questions about the Bible and the Christian faith. He and his wife Ysabel live in San Diego with their five children.

Robert J. Olson

Robert J. Olson

President & CEO

Robert Olson serves as the President and CEO of Sola Media, where he manages the daily operations of the company. He brings a wealth of experience to Sola, including from Christianity Today and the Lausanne Movement.

Kim Riddlebarger

Kim Riddlebarger

Kim Riddlebarger is pastor of Christ Reformed Church in Anaheim, California. He is a visiting professor of systematic theology at Westminster Seminary California and a frequent contributor to Tabletalk and Modern Reformation. Among his publications is A Case for Amillenialism: Understanding the End Times, and The Man of Sin. Kim also writes at the Riddleblog which is devoted to Reformed theology and eschatology.

Ken Brown

Ken Brown

Board Development Committee Chair

Ken Brown is the founder and owner of Applied Motion Systems in Washington state, providing factory automation solutions to a broad range of manufacturing companies around the world.

Rod Rosenbladt

Rod Rosenbladt

David Cutbill

David Cutbill

President & CEO

David Cutbill is a Principal with Deloitte, a global professional services firm, where he works with companies in the media, entertainment, and technology sectors. His experience includes business strategy and transactions, finance and operational consulting, and content production and marketing.

Leadership

Michael S. Horton

Michael S. Horton

Founder

Michael S. Horton is Founder and Editor-in-Chief of Sola Media. He is the J. Gresham Machen Professor of Systematic Theology and Apologetics at Westminster Seminary California.

Adam Smith

Adam Smith

Managing Editor

He serves as Managing Editor for Theo Global’s Theology Together Series and the Theo Global Journal.

Our Partners

Editor’s Pick

Golden chain of salvation

Paul’s unbroken link from God’s foreknowledge to our glorification — and the four great distinctions the Reformation recovered along the way; justification and sanctification, imputed and infused righteousness, inward and outward call, union with Christ and Christians.

4 Sub-Convictions  •  8 Videos  •  10 Articles

I

Law/Gospel

Two distinct words God speaks: one demands, one delivers. Confuse them and you lose both.

8 Videos  •  10 Articles

II

Ordinary Means of Grace

Word, sacrament, and prayer — God's ordinary way of building his people, week after week.

8 Videos  •  10 Articles

III

Active/Passive Obedience of Christ

Word, sacrament, and prayer — God's ordinary way of building his people, week after week.

8 Videos  •  10 Articles

IV

Already/Not Yet

The kingdom has come in Christ and is still to come. Living in between is the whole Christian life.

8 Videos  •  10 Articles

V

Common Grace/General & Special Revelation

God speaks to all through creation and conscience, and savingly to his people through Christ in Scripture.

8 Videos  •  10 Articles

VI

Confessionalism

Why we trust the old creeds and confessions to say what Scripture says — and what we lose when the church doesn't.

8 Videos  •  10 Articles

VII

Covenant Theology

Scripture's storyline of promise and fulfillment — the thread that ties Adam, Abraham, Moses, David, and Christ together.

8 Videos  •  10 Articles

VIII

Creation/Providence

God made all things out of nothing, and he holds all things now — including your hardest day.

8 Videos  •  10 Articles

IX

Decreed/Revealed Will

What God has secretly ordained and what he has openly commanded — and how to rest in the first while obeying the second.

8 Videos  •  10 Articles

X

The Five Solas

Scripture alone, faith alone, grace alone, Christ alone, for the glory of God alone. The Reformation in five words.

8 Videos  •  10 Articles

XI

Theology of the Cross

God reveals his power through weakness and suffering, not triumph — a hard lesson, an unshakable hope.

8 Videos  •  10 Articles

XII

Kingdom of God (Two Kingdoms)

Christ's reign over the church and his rule over the common life of the world — distinct, not separate.

8 Videos  •  10 Articles

XIII

Seeing Christ in the Old Testament

Luke 24 was not a footnote. The Scriptures speak of Jesus from Genesis to Malachi — and we learn to read them that way.

8 Videos  •  10 Articles

XIV

Threefold Use of the Law

The law as mirror, as restraint, as guide — what it does in the world, in our conscience, and in the life of the saint.

8 Videos  •  10 Articles

XV

Visible/Invisible Church

The church you can name and number, and the church God alone knows in full — both real, both his.

8 Videos  •  10 Articles

XVI

Golden Chain of Salvation

Luke 24 was not a footnote. The Scriptures speak of Jesus from Genesis to Malachi — and we learn to read them that way.

8 Videos  •  10 Articles

All Articles

Sacramental Scaffolding: Calvin On The Continuity Of The Old And New Covenants

For Calvin, the Old Testament sacraments weren't empty foreshadowing — Stephen Spinnenweber traces how they carried real spiritual substance, like scaffolding supporting the same building as the New Testament sacraments.

Does God Still Use Holy War?

God isn't commanding holy war today the way he did Israel — Daniel Nealon looks at how that Old Testament pattern has been transformed into a spiritual conflict awaiting Christ's return.

In The Weeds About Women In The Church

Mary Van Weelden reviews Preston Sprinkle's book on women in church leadership, praising its breadth and tone while questioning its theological framework and depth.

Why Jesus Had To Be Both God And Man

Only someone fully God and fully man could stand in for us — Donnie Medlen walks through why anything less leaves the gospel without a Savior.

Eighteenth-Century Virginia Presbyterians On Christian Nationalism

Long before today's debates, Virginia Presbyterians argued that a state-enforced religion harms souls, church, and society alike — P.C. Kemeny revisits their case for disestablishment.

Jesus Stood: What We Can Learn From The Martyrdom Of Stephen

As Stephen faced death, he saw Jesus standing at the right hand of God — James Olson considers why Luke records Christ standing rather than seated.

Latest of Modern Reformation

May 2026

A woman praying with a Bible on the table in front of her.

3 Prayers from the Bible for When Praying Is Hard

What do you say to the Maker of the Universe when you’re exhausted beyond words, burdened to your bones by your own sins, heavy-laden with sickness or sorrow, or simply feeling far away? How do you draw near to God in prayer when praying is hard?

A gathering of people listen to Peter's sermon at Pentecost.

What the Jews Heard at Pentecost and Why It Matters for Infant Baptism

When Peter stood up at Pentecost, his audience was entirely Jewish. What did they hear when he declared that “the promise is for you and for your children and for all who are far off, everyone whom the Lord our God calls to himself” (Acts 2:39)? What they heard would have immediately governed their covenant practice […]

Communion trays held by a row of men at church.

Does It Matter How My Church Does Communion?

When I first became a Christian and visited various churches, one of the most noticeable differences was how they celebrated Communion. Many churches celebrated on a monthly basis, while others observed it every week. Some celebrated sporadically throughout the year for special occasions or when it fit the sermon on that particular Sunday.

A woman's folded hands resting on a small leather Bible.

Nearer Than Our Own Skin: The Indwelling Spirit

Jesus prepared his disciples for his departure by telling them about the Holy Spirit, who would take up residence in each one of his people. By his Spirit, he would stay near to his people. And by his Spirit, he would bless his church throughout the world in all generations.

A close up of a map of Middle Earth in The Lord of the Rings book.

A Veil Before the Eyes of the Enemy: On Tolkien, Foolishness, and the Ordinary Means of Grace

In recent years, there has been a fair amount of criticism of our cultural institutions. Whether they be political, academic, or ecclesiastical, anyone comfortably in a place of leadership in any institution is in the crosshairs of this criticism. Things have only gotten worse on their watch, after all. […]

Historic confessions

Switch views to explore the same twelve documents by era chronology, or tradition.

Ecumenical

c. AD 180

The Apostles' Creed

The shortest and most universal of the Christian creeds, recited at baptisms in the early church and in nearly every tradition since.

1 Article • 2 min

Ecumenical

AD 325 / 381

The Nicene Creed

The confession of the First Council of Nicaea, expanded at Constantinople, defining the full deity of Christ and the Spirit.

1 Article • 4 min

Ecumenical

c. AD 500

The Athanasian Creed

A fierce, precise statement on the Trinity and the two natures of Christ — not by Athanasius, but faithful to him.

44 verses • 1 Article • 4 min

Three Forms of Unity

1561

The Belgic Confession

The confessional standard of the Reformed churches of the Low Countries, summarizing the faith in thirty-seven articles.

37 Articles • 22 min

Three Forms of Unity

1563

The Heidelberg Catechism

Warm, personal, pastoral — the most-loved catechism of the Reformed tradition.

52 Lord's Days • 1 Article

Anglican

1571

The Thirty-Nine Articles

The doctrinal articles of the Church of England, establishing its Reformed and catholic character.

39 articles

Lutheran

1580

The Book of Concord

The collected Lutheran confessions — Augsburg, Apology, the Catechisms, Smalcald Articles, Formula of Concord.

10 Articles • 12+ hrs

Three Forms of Unity

1618–19

The Canons of Dort

The Synod of Dort's answer to the Remonstrants — the source of the five points often summarized as TULIP.

5 heads • 59 articles • 1 hr

Westminster Standards

1647

The Westminster Shorter Catechism

A concise catechism for children and new believers, famous for its opening answer.

107 questions • 1 hr

Westminster Standards

1646

The Westminster Confession of Faith

The doctrinal standard of Presbyterian churches throughout the English-speaking world.

33 chapters • 196 sections • 3 hr

Westminster Standards

1648

The Westminster Larger Catechism

The Assembly's fuller catechism, written for ministers and more mature readers.

196 questions • 2 hr

Reformed Baptist

1689

The 1689 London Baptist Confession

A Baptist confession modeled on Westminster, shaped for a Particular Baptist understanding of the church and the covenants.

32 chapters • 3 hr

Historic confessions

Switch views to explore the same twelve documents by era chronology, or tradition.

Ecumenical

c. AD 180

The Apostles' Creed

The shortest and most universal of the Christian creeds, recited at baptisms in the early church and in nearly every tradition since.

1 Article • 2 min

Ecumenical

AD 325 / 381

The Nicene Creed

The confession of the First Council of Nicaea, expanded at Constantinople, defining the full deity of Christ and the Spirit.

1 Article • 4 min

Ecumenical

c. AD 500

The Athanasian Creed

A fierce, precise statement on the Trinity and the two natures of Christ — not by Athanasius, but faithful to him.

44 verses • 1 Article • 4 min

Three Forms of Unity

1561

The Belgic Confession

The confessional standard of the Reformed churches of the Low Countries, summarizing the faith in thirty-seven articles.

37 Articles • 22 min

Three Forms of Unity

1563

The Heidelberg Catechism

Warm, personal, pastoral — the most-loved catechism of the Reformed tradition.

52 Lord's Days • 1 Article

Anglican

1571

The Thirty-Nine Articles

The doctrinal articles of the Church of England, establishing its Reformed and catholic character.

39 articles

Lutheran

1580

The Book of Concord

The collected Lutheran confessions — Augsburg, Apology, the Catechisms, Smalcald Articles, Formula of Concord.

10 Articles • 12+ hrs

Three Forms of Unity

1618–19

The Canons of Dort

The Synod of Dort's answer to the Remonstrants — the source of the five points often summarized as TULIP.

5 heads • 59 articles • 1 hr

Westminster Standards

1647

The Westminster Shorter Catechism

A concise catechism for children and new believers, famous for its opening answer.

107 questions • 1 hr

Westminster Standards

1646

The Westminster Confession of Faith

The doctrinal standard of Presbyterian churches throughout the English-speaking world.

33 chapters • 196 sections • 3 hr

Westminster Standards

1648

The Westminster Larger Catechism

The Assembly's fuller catechism, written for ministers and more mature readers.

196 questions • 2 hr

Reformed Baptist

1689

The 1689 London Baptist Confession

A Baptist confession modeled on Westminster, shaped for a Particular Baptist understanding of the church and the covenants.

32 chapters • 3 hr

Heaven Came Down

Featured Book

Heaven Came Down

A Theology Of Communication Subtitle Line

Michael S. Horton

Three Views on Baptism book cover

Today's Offer

Three Views on Baptism

Learn how Lutheran, Baptist, and Presbyterian traditions understand baptism while remaining united in Christ.

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Browse All Books

The Bondage of the Will

500th Anniversary Edition

Martin Luther

In-depth workbooks for personal & group study

Heaven Came Down

A Theology of Communication

Michael S. Horton

How the incarnation reframes every act of ministry

Ephesians Bible Study

Strong in the Lord

Michael S. Horton

In-depth workbooks for personal & group study

The Kingdom of God and the Work of Christ

500th Anniversary Edition

Martin Luther

A concise introduction to two-kingdoms theology

The Honor of God

Recovering the Doctrine of Divine Impassibility

Grant Castleberry

A study of God’s unchanging nature and glory

The Bondage of the Will

500th Anniversary Edition

Martin Luther

In-depth workbooks for personal & group study

Heaven Came Down

A Theology of Communication

Michael S. Horton

How the incarnation reframes every act of ministry

Ephesians Bible Study

Strong in the Lord

Michael S. Horton

In-depth workbooks for personal & group study

The Kingdom of God and the Work of Christ

500th Anniversary Edition

Martin Luther

A concise introduction to two-kingdoms theology

The Honor of God

Recovering the Doctrine of Divine Impassibility

Grant Castleberry

A study of God’s unchanging nature and glory

The Bondage of the Will

500th Anniversary Edition

Martin Luther

In-depth workbooks for personal & group study

Heaven Came Down

A Theology of Communication

Michael S. Horton

How the incarnation reframes every act of ministry

Ephesians Bible Study

Strong in the Lord

Michael S. Horton

In-depth workbooks for personal & group study

The Kingdom of God and the Work of Christ

500th Anniversary Edition

Martin Luther

A concise introduction to two-kingdoms theology

The Honor of God

Recovering the Doctrine of Divine Impassibility

Grant Castleberry

A study of God’s unchanging nature and glory

God so Love the World

The God Who Justifies

Theo Global’s 2026 symposiums worldwide will focus on Soteriology. Our 2026 symposiums will be titled “For God So Loved The World: The God Who Justifies.” Globally, as well as in regional conversations, we will investigate and discuss the church’s understanding of salvation, justification, atonement, and related concepts from biblically-based perspectives.

Get Yours

Prophet, Priest, and King

The God Who Justifies

Over the next 10 years, Theo Global is producing Theology Together, a five-volume systematic theology series collaboratively written by leading scholars from around the world. Published in partnership with Zondervan Academic, this series is uniquely designed for churches, Bible colleges, and seminaries globally. The first volume, Prophet, Priest, and King: Christology in Global Perspective, was published by Zondervan Academic in 2025.

Get Yours

2026 Symposium

Checkered band, media first

The God Who Justifies

Theo Global’s 2026 symposiums worldwide will focus on Soteriology. Our 2026 symposiums will be titled “For God So Loved The World: The God Who Justifies.” Globally, as well as in regional conversations, we will investigate and discuss the church’s understanding of salvation, justification, atonement, and related concepts from biblically-based perspectives.

Application & Importance

So What? Why This Matters for You

What changes when we get this right — and what we lose when we don't.


The Beauty

Common grace lets Christians receive good science, good art, good government, and a kind unbelieving neighbor's virtue as genuine gifts from God — without needing any of it to be saving. You can honor what's true and good outside the church without pretending it gets anyone to heaven.

The Cost

Collapse the distinction and you get one of two errors: withdrawing from culture as if nothing outside the church has value, or assuming unbelievers already possess saving truth through reason and conscience alone. Either way, the church loses either its neighbors or its Gospel.

The Challenge

It's tempting to over-credit fallen reason (a natural theology that claims to prove what only Scripture reveals) or to deny common grace outright (making any cultural engagement suspect). The Reformed answer holds both revelations, and both graces, distinct but never separate.

Doctrine Overview

What Is Common Grace, and What Are General & Special Revelation?

God gives two distinct kinds of grace. Common grace is his non-saving kindness poured out on the whole human race — sunshine and rain, reason and conscience, art and justice, the restraint of sin and the preservation of society (Matt. 5:45; Acts 14:16-17). It doesn’t save anyone, but it holds the world together and lets fallen people build genuinely good things.

Special, or saving, grace is different in kind, not just degree: it’s God’s grace given only to his elect, effecting regeneration, faith, and union with Christ. Common grace restrains sin in unbelievers; special grace actually removes it.

Alongside this, God reveals himself in two ways. General revelation — creation, providence, and the human conscience — is available to every person everywhere and leaves all people without excuse (Ps. 19:1-4; Rom. 1:19-20; 2:14-15). But general revelation was never sufficient for salvation, even before the fall.

Special revelation is God’s spoken and written Word, culminating in Jesus Christ, and it alone reveals the way of salvation. Confusing these two distinctions leads to two opposite errors: expecting saving truth from nature and reason (a natural theology that overreaches), or dismissing the goodness of God’s ordinary gifts to unbelieving neighbors and culture as if common grace weren’t real. The Reformed tradition insists both revelations, and both graces, are genuinely from God — but only one of each actually saves.

Definitions

Common Grace

God's non-saving kindness poured out on all humanity — reason, art, justice, and the restraint of sin — that sustains society without granting salvation.

Special (Saving) Grace

God's grace given only to the elect, effecting regeneration, faith, and union with Christ — different in kind, not just degree, from common grace.

General Revelation

What God makes known to every person everywhere through creation, providence, and conscience — leaving all people without excuse, but never sufficient for salvation.

Special Revelation

God's spoken and written Word, culminating in Jesus Christ — the only revelation that makes the way of salvation known.

Key Scriptures

Psalm 19:1-4Romans 1:19-20Romans 2:14-15Acts 14:16-17Matthew 5:45Genesis 9:8-172 Timothy 3:15-17John 1:9

Justified By Faith Alone

Sola Fide answered the anxious question indulgences had only made worse: how can a sinner stand righteous before a holy God? The Reformers’ answer — through faith alone in Christ’s finished work, not through purchased merit or accumulated penance — was, in their own telling, not an innovation but excavation: the gospel Paul preached, buried under centuries of accretion, brought back into the light.

“The Reformers did not set out to start a new church. They set out to return an old one to the gospel it had forgotten.”

1990

Sola Media originates with the launch of the White Horse Inn broadcast.

c. AD 180

The Apostles' Creed

The shortest and most universal of the Christian creeds, recited at baptisms in the early church and in nearly every tradition since.

AD 325 / 381

The Nicene Creed

The confession of the First Council of Nicaea, expanded at Constantinople, defining the full deity of Christ and the Spirit.

c. AD 500

The Athanasian Creed

A fierce, precise statement on the Trinity and the two natures of Christ — not by Athanasius, but faithful to him.

1561

The Belgic Confession

The confessional standard of the Reformed churches of the Low Countries, summarizing the faith in thirty-seven articles.

1563

The Heidelberg Catechism

Warm, personal, pastoral — the most-loved catechism of the Reformed tradition.

1571

The Thirty-Nine Articles

The doctrinal articles of the Church of England, establishing its Reformed and catholic character.

1580

The Book of Concord

The collected Lutheran confessions — Augsburg, Apology, the Catechisms, Smalcald Articles, Formula of Concord.

1618–19

The Canons of Dort

The Synod of Dort's answer to the Remonstrants — the source of the five points often summarized as TULIP.

1647

The Westminster Shorter Catechism

A concise catechism for children and new believers, famous for its opening answer.

1646

The Westminster Confession of Faith

The doctrinal standard of Presbyterian churches throughout the English-speaking world.

1648

The Westminster Larger Catechism

The Assembly's fuller catechism, written for ministers and more mature readers.

1689

The 1689 London Baptist Confession

A Baptist confession modeled on Westminster, shaped for a Particular Baptist understanding of the church and the covenants.

Contents

Confessions

What the Confessions Say

How different branches of the Reformation have articulated this distinction.

Reformed

Belgic Confession (1561)

“We know God by two means: first, by the creation, preservation, and government of the universe, which is before our eyes as a most elegant book... Second, God makes himself more clearly and fully known to us by his holy and divine Word.”

Article 2

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Westminster

Westminster Confession (1646)

“Although the light of nature, and the works of creation and providence do so far manifest the goodness, wisdom, and power of God, as to leave men inexcusable; yet are they not sufficient to give that knowledge of God, and of his will, which is necessary unto salvation.”

Chapter I.1

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Three Forms of Unity

Canons of Dort (1618–19)

“There is, indeed, a certain light of nature remaining in man since the fall, by virtue of which he retains some notions about God... but so far is this light of nature from being sufficient to bring him to a saving knowledge of God.”

Third/Fourth Head, Art. 4

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Three Forms of Unity

Heidelberg Catechism (1563)

“Whence knowest thou this? God himself first revealed it in Paradise; afterward proclaimed it by the holy patriarchs and prophets... and finally fulfilled it through his own well-beloved Son.”

Question & Answer 19

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Contents

Our Vision

We exist to see reformation in hearts, homes, and churches around the world — by helping Christians know the good news of justification in Christ alone through faith alone.

Our desire, in everything we do, is for believers to experience the joy of Christ's sufficiency, walk confidently in the assurance of salvation, embrace freedom for their callings, and live with relentless hope in Christ's coming kingdom.

Soli Deo Gloria.

Our Convictions

We are rooted in the historic confessions of the Protestant church and shaped by the theology of the Reformation. We believe these offer unparalleled clarity, theological depth, and continuity with the gospel of Jesus Christ. Not a private tradition. Not an academic hobby. The faith the Church has confessed, tested, and handed down.

Traditions / Creeds / Confessions

Sola is committed to the historic Christian faith as confessed across four great traditions — Reformed, Lutheran, Anglican, and Baptist.

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Reformational Distinctives

We are shaped by the theology of the Reformation. We believe these theological distinctions offer unparalleled clarity, depth, and continuity with the gospel of Jesus Christ.

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What We Do

Sola Media serves today’s global church by producing resources for reformation grounded in the historic Christian faith.


Media

Podcasts, interviews, and videos that take theology seriously and still meet you where you live. Our shows bring confessional theology to your commute, your kitchen, and your headphones. Everything is free. Subscribe anywhere you listen.

Publications

Developed in partnership with trusted authors, pastors, and theologians, we deliver thoughtful articles, downloadable resources, and print publications that encourage and equip Christians at every stage of life, from new believers to seasoned scholars.

Events

Our conferences, church partnerships, and regional gatherings where we meet in person uniquely foster relationships and support the work of the local church.

Our Approach

Sola Media serves today’s global church by producing resources for reformation grounded in the historic Christian faith.


I. Reformer Spirit

Recover the heart of the gospel for each generation.

We carry the conviction and courage of the Reformers by seeking to recover the heart of the gospel for each generation. The Reformation was not a revolution against the church, but a recovery of its biblical teaching. That posture still guides us: every generation must do the work of returning to the well of Scripture, drawing up what's clear and life-giving, and offering it again.

II. Truth with Charity

Conversational, not combative.

We are conversational, not combative. We strive to build bridges while holding firmly to biblical conviction, engaging others with both theological precision and pastoral warmth. For thirty-five years, that's meant four theologians disagreeing in public, on the air, and trusting their listeners to follow the argument. It's a slower way to do media. It's the only way we know.

III. For the Local Church

A bridge to a pew, not a substitute for one.

We exist to strengthen, not replace, the local church. Sola is not a substitute for a pew. It's a bridge to one. We serve pastors and laypeople with tools to deepen gospel understanding, enhance biblical literacy, and build flourishing church communities. We know the real work of formation happens Lord's Day after Lord's Day, one congregation at a time.

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Support Sola

Sola is donor-supported. With your help and by God's grace, God has positioned Sola Media to support and strengthen his church here and around the world.

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Start with our best resources — a curated introduction to who we are and what we believe.

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Three Views on Baptism

Learn how Lutheran, Baptist, and Presbyterian traditions understand baptism while remaining united in Christ.

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The Journal

Theo Global Journal | Vol. 1: The Living God

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Be a theological lifeline for Christians through your monthly gift.

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Join thousands, reach millions

Be a theological lifeline for Christians through your monthly gift.

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Subscribe To Sola Today To Experience Reformation Thinking For Today

For a Modern Reformation.

Reformation theology for today — delivered to your inbox. Articles, podcasts, and resources rooted in historic Christianity and made for real life.

Free. Unsubscribe Anytime.

For a Modern Reformation.

Reformation theology for today — delivered to your inbox. Articles, podcasts, and resources rooted in historic Christianity and made for real life.

Free. Unsubscribe Anytime.

Subscribe To Sola Today To Experience Reformation Thinking For Today

Why Sola Media

Partner with Sola Today

We’re not chasing the next trend. Sola Media produces content anchored in the historic Christian faith — the kind of theology that has Christ at the center, the Scriptures as the authority, and the local church, as the aim. In a world of hot takes and thin theology, we believe the church deserves resources built to last.

In a world of quick hits, we seek substance

Your support enables us to produce thoughtful documentaries and interviews that challenge conventional narratives.

Where theology is siloed, we build bridges

Through Theo Global, you connect 100+ seminaries worldwide in shared confessional scholarship.

Where the next generation is overlooked, we show up

Tell Me a Story, Core Christianity, and more — your support reaches people at every stage of faith.

Historic & Confessional
Clear & Accessible
For the local church
Trusted worldwide

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Become a Monthly Partner

Sustaining monthly gifts provide the reliable foundation Sola needs to plan ahead, launch new content, and reach more people each month. All of our content is free — and your partnership is what makes that possible.

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Your monthly gift sustains the articles, podcasts, and videos that thousands rely on — without ads or paywalls.

Monthly partners receive 2 free books as our thank you for sustaining this work.

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